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Environmental Sustainability Carbon Emissions - 1180 Words

Introduction The world is starting to see the effects that carbon emissions, with the largest producer being China with 24.65% of the world emissions. Although Australia isn t as large as China we still produce 1.11% of the world s emissions. Now people are starting to see the effects of the Carbon Emissions and pollution is doing to the Earth. Carbon Pollution What exactly is Carbon Emissions? Carbon Emissions also known as Carbon Pollution, which is pollution through the production of Co2 (Carbon Dioxide). With the increase production of carbon emissions from industrial activity and general car emissions is now start to harm the environment, which is resulting in environmental disasters from rising sea levels from the melting of the ice caps. Another type of pollution is air pollutant, is any air pollutant that is emitted into the air. Such pollutants can involve physical, chemical, biological, radioactive substances or matter. With the increasing level of air pollutants is causing warming of the globe and low level thick smog covering major city worldwide. Environmentally Sustainability Environmental sustainability is defined as rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely. If the resource is not able to continue indefinitely then the resource is not sustainable. Green initiatives This needs to change, governments, companies and even the general public are trying to do their partShow MoreRelatedNike : An Innovative Company Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pageswith the demand from customers. According to NIKE (2016), sustainability has changed the ambitions of the company to create more innovations with less impact on environment. They called this as â€Å"sustainable innovation†. With this ambition, NIKE intended to create a sustainable business that goes hand in hand with environment and society. Through this sustainability based concept business, Nike is implementing a goal in minimizing environmental footprint of the company (NIKE, 2016). Moreover, Nike isRead MoreCsr Programs And Corporate Social Responsibility1728 Words   |  7 Pagesits clients understand their money, the company also puts a lot of effort into helping the communities by executing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is undeniable that the company has successfully addressed many critical problems in the environmental, social and economic arenas, as it continually receives awards and recognitions for its CSR efforts. One of the highlights of the CSR programs is a $50 billion commitment to address climate change by changing its internal policies. However, thereRead MoreThe Critical Implications Of Climate Change For Business1034 Words   |  5 Pagesthat only 90 companies worldwide caused two-thirds of the man-made global warming emissions. Oil, coal and gas companies are the major players in the global climate change crisis of the 21st century (Goldberg 2013). Companies such as Chevron, Exxon and BP are three of the highest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. A staggering statistic from Suzanne Goldberg (2013) states that half of the total global emissions were produced in the past twenty-five years; which is a long time before governmentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sustainability And Social Responsibility926 Words   |  4 PagesSustainability can be defined as a long and creative process which creates positive and lasting results. Sustainability is a beneficial progress that consists of meeting people’s needs without conflicting the ability for future generations to meet their own needs. The change in resources will enhance both current and future generations to meet human needs. Sustainability is an important part that is presented in Ford’s overall image. At Ford, sustainability is a business model that involves longRead MoreWorld s Population And Governments Have Become Environmentally Conscious, The Demand For Green876 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironmentally conscious, the demand for â€Å"green† business solutions has risen to the forefront of the shipping industry. Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse emissions stemming from the use of fossil fuels has adverse effects upon the environment and global climate, and consumers are beginning to filter their shipping options based not only on price, but a shipping company’s carbon footprint as well. The table below displays the amount of CO2 (in grams) emitted per metric ton of freight and per k m of transportation:Read MoreAnalysis Of Ford s Value Chain Essay932 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic, and environmental factors (Corporateford.com., 2014, October 5). First is the Ford product planning and design stage of the value chain, which identifies key issues and impacts such as environmental regulatory factors, strategy, and sustainability (Corporateford.com., 2014, October 5). Listed below are the Ford identified key issues and impacts found in Ford’s corporate web page, www.corporateford.com: †¢ Greenhouse gas (GHG)/fuel economy and other environmental regulations †¢ Low-carbon strategyRead MoreRenewable Transport Fuels Obligation For The Demand Of Petroleum Based Fuels1231 Words   |  5 Pagesof all of the energy consumed (DECC, 2015, p. 8). â€Å"Progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels with increasing energy consumption and GHG emissions have led to a move towards alternative, renewable, sustainable, efficient and cost-effective energy sources with lesser emissions† (Nigama, P, S., Singhb, A., 2011). In order to reduce carbon emissions from vehicles the UK parliament enacted the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO) in 2007 (UK, 2007).This essay will analyse the effectivenessRead MoreThe Irreversible Rate Of Biodiversity Loss Facing Societies And Companies Is A Key Environmental Challenge Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagescompanies is a key environmental challenge. Conservation of bio-diversity is crucial to ensure the continuous supply of ecosystem services such as seed dispersal, nutrients product, waste decom position and water and nutrients production, which support life and human activities. Other sectors such as farming, forestry, fisheries and tourism may be affected by habitat loss and local ecosystems (Pickering and Hill, 2007). Biodiversity conservation thus ensures the long-term sustainability of the sectorsRead MoreThe Canadian National Railway Company1648 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the center for international climate and environmental research Canada ranks 5th in having the largest carbon, fossil fuel, land and water consumption footprint in the world. Keeping this staggering stat in mind a few Canadian companies have begun to reverse this trend and lean towards a more sustainable means of operation. On such company is the Canadian national railway company, more popularly known as CN. About the Company: Based in Montreal Quebec, CN boasts the most comprehensiveRead MoreEnergy Usage Of The Annapolis City Government854 Words   |  4 Pages The Annapolis city government has aimed to reduce emissions by 75% by the year 2025 as well as achieve carbon neutrality by the year 2050 (Savidge 2010). 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Educational Psychology as a Career Free Essays

Name: John Mc Nevin I. D: 11135166 Course: BSc. Psychology Module Code: PS4032 Title: Investigation in to My Possible Career as an Educational Psychologist. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Psychology as a Career or any similar topic only for you Order Now Word Count: 910 Educational Psychology (Part One) Educational Psychologists work with students of any age in education and they work and help with the students’ psychological and educational development. They often observe the student within the educational setting and they can then sometimes intervene and recommend ways in which the students’ learning can be enhanced. This intervention can involve the educational psychologist working with the student on a personal level or by working with parents, teachers or colleagues of the student. Report writing is one task which educational psychologist would do one a regular basis, writing reports on students as they assess them. Ed. Psychologists help students to overcome obstacles which can prevent them from learning. They also evaluate the systems of education where the students are learning. They also often work with teachers by alerting them to the social factors which may influence a child’s learning. Educational psychologists may also work with children with learning disabilities and special needs, helping to create better learning conditions for them. They have discussions and meetings with the parents and teachers of the student. When they work with parents and teachers of students, careful discussion and consultation is required as the psychologists’ input and advice needs to be understood and seen as relevant to those who know little about psychology. Educational psychologists usually have a number of children/students in their care and another task which they undertake is to keep up to date records on how the learner is coping or hopefully improving. They are also charged with coming up with intervention plans to help in the learners’ educational development. To become an educational psychologist a person must study for a minimum of about 6 years. Firstly a student must complete a psychology based degree which is accredited by the Psychological Society of Ireland. Post-graduate study is essential. A MA in educational psychology is the next step. UCD offers a 2 year full time course, MA in educational psychology. Educational Psychology is also highly linked with teaching so work experience as a teacher would help greatly in the pursuit of becoming an Ed. Psychologist. Work experience is essential if a person wants to do a doctorate in Ed. Psychology. This is the optimum level of education if a person wants this career. There are many skills needed to be an educational psychologist. Excellent communication and interpersonal skills are vital to interact with the children and students you will be working with. Research and development skills are required. As you would be working with children, patience and sensitivity are essential skills. Good report writing skills are needed along with the ability to solve problems. Most of all a person needs to be committed to helping children to overcome barriers to their educational development. In the doctoral training in Ed. Psychology, students gain practical experience working with local councils. Other examples of relevant work experience includes work as a speech and language therapist, as a learning support assistant, an educational social worker, as well as a teacher and as a graduate assistant in an Educational Psychology Service. I found a lot of this information by reading a powerpoint presentation I found on the internet by Dr. Barbara Mc Donnell, Stanmillis University College. The Psychological Society of Ireland is the professional body in charge of regulating the psychology profession in Ireland. The PSI promotes high standards of psychological education and practice and it provides its member with professional networking and promotion. By becoming a student member of the PSI you gain professional recognition and professional accreditation. Students also get a reduced rate to join and membership includes subscription to a monthly magazine which will increase a students’ knowledge of psychology and keeps the members up to date on matters in Irish Psychology. I learned of this by accessing the PSI website. Likely employers of educational psychologists include councils and schools. However in Ireland in the present climate there is little in the way of employment in schools as an Ed. Psychologist so there is then the option to set up a private practice. I was told this when I interviewed an Educational Psychologist named Yvonne Cunningham about Educational Psychology as a career. She gave me a great insight into what it would be like to be a professional educational psychologist and she gave me a lot of the information I gathered for this investigation. Part Two I’ve always enjoyed being educated in school and before choosing to do psychology in college I was seriously considering being a teacher. My mother is also a national school teacher which I believe influenced me to have an interest in education. I also believe that I have very good inter-personal skills and great patience and I thoroughly enjoy working with children. During Transition Year I spent a week on work experience in an Irish speaking National School and I loved this experience of working in education. After researching Educational Psychology as a career I still have a keen interest in it as a potential future career, however I am still undecided. By completing this assignment I have learned a lot about what it is to be an Educational Psychologist and I am a lot more interested in it now after researching it. I am keen to learn more about this area of psychology. References UCD website courses and programmes[accessed 27/02/2012]. Retrieved from http://www. ucd. ie/education/graduateprogrammes/taughtprogrammes/masterofartsineducationpsychologymaep/ Psychological Society of Ireland [accessed 27/02/2012] Retrieved from http://www. psychologicalsociety. ie/ How to cite Educational Psychology as a Career, Essay examples

Case Study Analysis for Starbucks Corporation †Sample Solution

Question: Describe about the Case Study Analysis for Starbucks Corporation. Answer: Introduction This assignment is about the case study analysis of the company Starbucks Corporation. It is an American coffee supply chain founded in the year of 1971 in Seattle, Washington. Jerry Baldwin, Zev Seigl and Gordon Bowker are the founder of the company. Presently the company is operating in more than 23,000 locations all over the world (Starbucks, 2016). The main products of Starbucks are Coffee beverages, baked food, tea and different types of smoothies. Total revenue of the company is US$ 19 billion (till 2015) (Starbucks, 2016). There are more than 238,000 employees, work for the company. Mission and vision statement of the company reflect the emphasis of the company on leadership in the coffee industry. Careful review of the website reveals that the vision statement of the company is to establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles while we grow (Starbucks, 2016). It includes some major components like: Finest quality of coffee in the world Premier purveyance Growth Uncompromising principles The mission statement of the company is To inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time (Starbucks, 2016). Problems and Challenges It has been found that Starbucks is one of the few organizations that continuously started to grow during the time period of 2001-2001. However, the company has to face various issues at the marketplace. For instance service quality and employee retention and motivation were the continuous problems for the company (Starbucks, 2016). It has been found that rapid expansion of the company is challenged by the fatigue of employees. It has been found that employees and store managers of the company are overworked and underpaid. Pricing is also another major issue that the company has to face in recent times. Lemus et al (2015) stated that, presently coffee industry is in crisis. Price of coffee has become lowest. For this reason, coffee companies have to improvise innovative strategies to reduce the price of their products. However, Starbucks has not lowered consumer process and depends on product differentiation. Although maintaining profitability is becoming challenging task for the com pany even taking account for the premium quality products in the coffee industry. There are various other controversies that the company has to face related with market strategy, labor disputes and opening stores without planning permission. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of the company given below: Strengths Financial performance of the company is considered as one of its major strengths. It helps the company to become the number one coffee company. It is valued more than $4 Billion which is major strength compared to its competitors The intangible strengths of the company is its brand value that symbolizes excellence. The company provides high quality products to customer at a reasonable price. Starbucks is known for its pioneering people management in the industry where hard skills and soft skills of people can make the difference between failure and success. Weaknesses The business performance of the company is highly dependent on its key input, which are coffee beans. In case of profitability, the company depends on the price of coffee beans. Hence, the company must need to diversify its products to reduce this type of dependence (Geereddy, 2012). The company is facing issues related with procurement practices. There are various environmental and social activists pointed out the unethical procurement practices incorporated by Starbucks in order to collect coffee beans. The company has priced its products from premium to middle range. For this reason, the company is not able to gain the market share of lower end customers. Opportunities The company has a huge opportunity to expand its market in the emerging markets of India and China. There are billions of customers in these two countries eagerly waiting to join the customer pool of Starbucks. The company also the opportunity to expand its product offerings and become a full scale food and beverage retailers like Burger king and McDonalds. Threats Rising prices of the Coffee beans is one of the major threats that the company might has to face in future (Ayub et al., 2013). Presently the company has to face intense competition from local coffeehouses and spatiality stores. Economic fluctuations, recession and saturation of US market are some common threats the company has to face in future (Yuece, 2012). Porters 5 forces Analysis Porters 5 force analysis for the company Starbucks have been given below: Competitive rivalry or competition (strong force) The company Starbucks is facing string competitive rivalry from companies like Dunkin Donuts and McDonalds and various other specialty coffee houses. Grant (2016) stated that, there are various external factors that have increased the market competition for the company. They are such as: Large number of companies Large variation of food and beverage companies Low switching cost Bargaining power of buyers or customers (strong force) It has been found that the consumers of Starbucks have strong bargaining power. There are three major external factors that have contribution to the strong bargaining power of consumers: Lower switching cost for customers Large number of product substitution available Small size of the individual buyers Bargaining power of suppliers (weak force) Suppliers of the company have lower bargaining power. There are some external factors that contribute to the weak force of bargaining power for suppliers. They are such as: High variety of the suppliers (weak force) Huge amount of overall supply (weak force) Moderate size of individual suppliers (moderate force) Threat of substitutes or substitution (strong force) Starbucks has also experienced strong threat of product substitution. Customers can easily shift to other company because there are various foods and beverage products available at local coffeehouses and restaurants. Roby (2012) mentioned that the cost of product substitution is low because customers have to pay less for the shifting process. For this reason, the company has to consider the threat of substitutes as it highest priority concerns. Threat of new entrants or new entry (moderate force) Threat of new entrants can be considered moderate for the company Starbuck. There are some external factors affected the threat of new entrants. They are such as: Moderate supply Chain cost (moderate force) Moderate cost of doing business (moderate force) High cost of brand development (weak force) VRIO analysis With the help of VRIO analysis the resources and capabilities of the company Starbucks can be assessed. They are mentioned below in the table: Resource or capability Valuable Rare Inimitable and non-substitutable Organized to exploit Impact on competitive advantage Strong Global presence Yes Yes Yes Yes Help to get sustainable competitive advantage Specialty coffees Yes No No Yes Realized competitive parity Cozy and friendly atmosphere Yes Yes No Yes Provides temporary competitive advantage Strong Global presence of the company: Starbucks is considered as the largest coffee company globally (Borza Borza, 2014). The passions of grate coffee and community connection are the main reason behind this strong global presence for the organization. Presently the company has 5,500 coffee stores in more than 50 countries (Sureerattanan, 2013). Premium coffee products: The Company offers different unique and satisfying beverages that other competitors cannot offer. The company also provides calorie information for these products in the menu. This makes the menu more appealing for different segment of customers. However these specialty coffee products are not actually rare. Companies like Dunkin Donuts and various other local coffee shops develop these types of products. Hence they are not rare. Friendly atmosphere: Cozy atmosphere is one of the major advantages of the company. It enables customers to enjoy their coffee with or without any companion. Problem Statement: Starbucks, at present is confronting a difficult choice. The question is that should the organization expand globally, or should it consider other alternatives that can enhance the profitability of the organization within its local market. Strategic Alternatives Available : Global expansion- Starbucks has so far dominated the market of the Asia Pacific, European and Latin American countries. However, in case the organization is willing to sustain itself, it must consider the wider scope of global expansion. The food retailing organizations such as McDonalds and KFC, has expanded even in the Asian countries, that has given them greater public recognition, increased consumer value and competitive advantage. Hence, it is advised that the organization adopts the global expansion strategy keeping in mind the Asian markets. Development of non-dairy product The organization can consider the possibility of introducing a variety of product alternatives, such as pumpkin spice latte or coconut milk that can help the organization gain competitive advantage within its territorial zone, without availing expansion. The organization can consider the sale of unique and innovative products that will help it capture consumer attention easily. The company Starbucks has to focus on increasing product alternatives. The company can introduce Sumatra Coconut milk. It will be a creamy and delicious alternative to the dairy beverages available at the coffee shops. This product will be made from single origin coconuts from the tropical Indonesian island of Sumatra. From various research and development activities and after adding various recipes, it has been found that it is the best alternative of Starbucks hot coffee, ice tea and Frappuccino. However, before introducing this product in the market, the company has to make appropriate market campaign about the product. It will increase customers attraction towards the new product coconut milk. It should be noted that the Americans have an unusual fascination with non-dairy products, and hence the shift in focus from the production of dairy products is being considered to be lucrative. The organization can consider focusing on the production of beverages, instead of the production of the dairy products. Innovative Promotional Strategy: The organization must adopt an innovative promotional strategy that will set it apart from the other organizations. The effective use of catchy logos, proper branding and effective PR strategies can easily help the organization gain greater reputation among the masses. Starbucks must consider the idea of segmenting the target audience, and selecting the effective strategies accordingly. The youngsters may find the concept of drinking coffee cool, and hence the organization can promote its products via advisements that the young consumers can relate to. The organization can also consider the option of providing coffee cups, at free of cost, to the selected, most loyal consumers. Implementation of the Best Alternative: The best alternative chosen is the global expansion of the organization. The organization can gain a competitive edge over the other organizations. Though the adoption of the alternative strategies can help to boost the sale of the products as well, it should be noted that global expansion will help in increasing the revenue and annual share of profit by multiple times. Besides, though the organization is highly recognized in any part of the world, yet the organization can promote the brand and goodwill of the organization, through the expansion strategy. It should be noted that its major competitors, such as McDonalds and KFC, use expansion strategy, and hence can effectively gain greater competitive advantage. Besides, the expansion strategy can also be utilized for engaging in CSR activities, if the organization intends to gain greater recognition. The company can consider setting up stores in the economically unprivileged local communities of developing countries. This action, ev en as a part of the business strategy, helps in offering a solution for social change, while promoting the goodwill of the company. Thus, the organizations engagement in the CSR strategy will help it in opening up employment opportunities for a minimum of 26 people, in each region. This will not only solve the socio-economic problems plaguing these regions, but will also help in improving the reputation of the organization. Conclusion This assignment is about the case study analysis of the company Starbucks. It has been found that Starbucks is one of the leading coffee business chains not only in USA but also in all over the world. Presently the company is operating in more than 23,000 locations all over the world (Doherty Lu, 2012). The main products of Starbucks are Coffee beverages, baked food, tea and different types of smoothies. The company has to face various issues related with service quality, employee retention and motivation. There are various other controversies that the company has to face related with market strategy, labor disputes and opening stores without planning permission. In order to analyze the current position of the company, SWOT analysis, Porters 5 forces analysis and VRIO analysis have been undertaken. The company has a huge opportunity to expand its market in the emerging markets of India and China. There are billions of customers in these two countries eagerly waiting to join the cust omer pool of Starbucks. The company also the opportunity to expand its product offerings and become a full scale food and beverage retailers like Burger king and McDonalds. Rising prices of the Coffee beans is one of the major threats that the company might have to face in future. In order to solve these issues, there some recommendations have been provided to the company along with appropriate implementation strategy. Reference list Ayub, A., Adeel, R., Muhammad, S. A., Hanan, I. (2013). A conceptual framework on evaluating SWOT analysis as the mediator in strategic marketing planning through marketing intelligence.European Journal of Business and Social Sciences,2(1), 91-98. Borza, S. I., Borza, I. C. (2014). A Broad Analysis of Marketing Strategies for their Incorporation as Activities in a User Centred Process.Procedia Economics and Finance,16, 239-250. Doherty, N., Lu, F. V. (2012). Strategic Marketing: Models and Plans.Service Science Research, Strategy and Innovation: Dynamic Knowledge Management Methods: Dynamic Knowledge Management Methods, 417. Frynas, J. G. (2015). Strategic CSR, value creation and competitive advantage.The Routledge Companion to Non-Market Strategy, 245-262. Geereddy, N. (2012). Strategic Analysis Of Starbucks Corporation. Gong, Y. (2013). Resource-Based Fundamentals. InGlobal Operations Strategy(pp. 141-172). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Lawton, T. C., Rajwani, T. S. (2015). Where next for non-market strategy?.The Routledge Companion to Non-Market Strategy, 412. Leih, S., Linden, G., Teece, D. (2014). Business model innovation and organizational design: a dynamic capabilities perspective. Lemus, E., Von Feigenblatt, O. F., Orta, M., Rivero, O. (2015). Starbucks Corporation: Leading Innovation in the 21st Century.Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences,7(1), 23-38. Roby, L. R. (2012). An Analysis of Starbucks as a Company and an International Business. Starbucks. (2016).Starbucks Coffee Company. Retrieved 23 November 2016, from https://www.starbucks.in/ Sureerattanan, N. (2013). Applying SWOT Analysis to Solve a Learning Problem: An Experiential Case at Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology. In2013 International Conference on Educational Research and Sports Education (ERSE 2013). Atlantis Press. Yuece, I. (2012). SWOT Analysis of McDonalds and Derivation of Appropriate Strategies.

Informative Essay on Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered Accountants Essay Example

Informative Essay on Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered Accountants Essay Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered Accountants was first established in the year 1987. It is based in Charing Cross in Glasgow. It primarily provides general practice services for small and growing businesses, most of which are owner managed businesses. BCC employs eleven staff. Three of these are partners in the company and are qualified accountants. The other eight employees are both qualified and unqualified. They have one person to work on the payroll and the others can do all sorts of jobs from secretarial duties for example typing, receiving phone calls to photocopying as well as having to do all the tedious work for example, inputting data to the computers. The firm provides services in many areas such as strategic planning, management and financial accounts preparation and financial forecasting. It also provides tax planning and compliance and organisational review and in addition to all this it will provide book-keeping and payroll services to clients who require it. One area in which BCC specialise is strategic planning and it can be tricky. Obviously it is easy for the company to use the same as before policy, and maybe it works, but when a company employs the help of an accountants firm it is easier to make a proper plan. In many cases the owner of the business will not have the time to think about and plan what direction he would like to move his business in so instead he can have a consultation with an accountant, express his wishes over lunch or a coffee and the accountant can draw up a detailed strategic plan for the owner and then present it to the owner of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Essay on Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered Accountants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Essay on Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered Accountants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Essay on Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered Accountants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This saves the business time and they will end up with a better plan as it has been done by a professional. BCC can also present a business with a financial forecast. To do this the accountant can look at trends in the overall market or just in the department the business deals with to make a forecast of what will happen in any particular market. This will help the business to plan (or the accountant to plan for them) what to invest in to make their business operate at the greatest possible profit. It can also let them see if they need to change the direction in which the business is heading to survive. BCC can also help to improve the organisational structure of a company. The organisational structure is critical to any business so obviously those that use BCC will be no different. Nowadays businesses have to be flexible, efficient and effective to cope with the growing competition for the market. To help an accountants firm will try and make an organisational structure best suited to the business targets, try and work out an appropriate staffing level, reward policies and a staff grading system and monitor financial management and performance to try and then will try and think of a better way in which to organise or run the company. Another area BCC can be employed to help in is tax planning and compliance. It can help fill in a companys tax forms so that they are all legal. This can be very useful to a company as some of the owners may not know how to fill in the complicated tax forms required for a business. Getting a qualified professional to do this will guarantee that the company comply with all the rules and regulations surrounding tax forms therefore keeping them out of trouble. In short Benham, Conway and Co. Chartered accountants can benefit small or growing businesses in many ways. It can point them in the right direction to succeed, it can make them run more efficiently at a higher profit or they can even fill in their tax returns for them. BCC has benefited many businesses in the past and should go on to do so for many years to come.

Genyornis - Facts and Figures

Genyornis - Facts and Figures Name: Genyornis (Greek for jaw bird); pronounced JEN-ee-OR-niss Habitat: Plains of Australia Historical Epoch: Pleistocene (2 million-50,000 years ago) Size and Weight: About seven feet tall and 500 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; hooved, three-toed feet About Genyornis From Genyornis Australian provenance, you might think it was closely related to modern ostriches, but the fact is that this giant prehistoric bird had more in common with ducks. For one thing, Genyornis was much more solidly built than an ostrich, packing about 500 pounds into its seven-foot-tall frame, and for another, its three-toed feet were hooved rather than clawed. The truly mysterious thing about this bird is its diet: its jaws seem to have been well-adapted to cracking nuts, but theres evidence that occasional servings of meat may have been on its lunch menu as well. Since Genyornis is represented by numerous fossil remainsboth of various individuals and of eggspaleontologists have been able to pinpoint with relative accuracy when, and how fast, this bird went extinct. The speed of its demise about 50,000 years ago, toward the end of the Pleistocene epoch, points to relentless hunting and egg-raiding by early human settlers, who reached the Australian continent around this time from elsewhere in the Pacific. (By the way, Genyornis was a close relative of another Australian mega-bird, Bullockornis, better known as the Demon Duck of Doom.)

Situation problem and solution and evaluation Essay

Situation problem and solution and evaluation - Essay Example Burning of fossil fuels results in green house gas emission (Adger, 2005, p.23). It pollutes the atmosphere. On the other hand, deforestation results in lesser rain. Limited reserve of rain water is increasing the temperature of earth’s surface. Global warming can negatively impact on the survival of earth’s life. Just a difference of few degrees in the earth’s average temperature can result major climate change (Arnold, 2011, p.121). Whole world is experiencing this climate change since 19th century. Global warming has become one of the most important global phenomenons. Greenhouse Gas emission is the major consequence of global climate change or global warming. All countries are co-operating with each other and collaboratively trying to minimize the impact of global warming on the society. Increasing green house gas emission due to unethical business practices of several organizations is posing real threat for future generation. It is assumed that if the greenh ouse gas emission increases at continuous rate, then several animal species can get wiped out from earth within next 100 years (Jamieson, 1992, pp.139-153). It is important to control the greenhouse gas emission in order to control the effect of global warming. Problem Both greenhouse gas emission and global worming have critical intergenerational effects. Carbon dioxide is considered as the most deadly and prominent greenhouse gas. The temporal diffusion of climate change can develop various collective ethical problems. Environmental damage and global climate change become most critical global threats (Maslin, 2007, p.43). Heating up of earth’s surface due to carbon dioxide and methane gas emission is prominently affecting modern civilization. Several unethical human activities are responsible for this rapid global climate change. People are trying to implement the potential opportunities that are developed due through globalization and modern technology (Postel and Richter, 2003, pp.34-35). Number of consumption of vehicles rapidly increased over last few decades. Every single individual are trying to satisfy their comfort level by application of advanced technological instruments. Refrigerators and washing machines are important daily-life consumer durable goods. Global warming is the consequence of increasing Ozone layer in atmosphere (Rijseberman, 2006, p.12). Deadly CFC released into the atmosphere by the havoc usage of refrigerators and washing machines. Moreover, consumption of fossil fuels largely increased over past few decades. Burning of fossil fuels increases the emission of methane and carbon dioxide. The number of serious human diseases, such as cancer, TB, mental disorder and respiratory problem are increasing due to atmospheric pollution and increasing GHG emission (Vanderheiden, 2008, p.34). Deforestation is highly responsible for loss of rainfall. Water is the source of life. People are cutting down rain forest in order to develop ind ustries and complexes. Day-by-day, several species of birds are wiping out from earth due to deforestation. It is affecting ecological balance as each and every animal has effective contribution in effective ecological balance. Solution It is clear from the above discussion that government of all the countries, leading global organizations and present human generation has the responsibility to control and reduce the effect of global warming. Following

Are Teachers Obliged to Supervise Students in the Cafeteria Essay - 7

Are Teachers Obliged to Supervise Students in the Cafeteria - Essay Example The teachers filed the grievances for these new assignments. According to the employers, there was standard management rights’ clause in the parties’ collective bargaining agreement which they had invoked in the present case to contain rowdy behaviour of the students, during the lunch break. The union, on the other hand, asserted that cafeteria supervision was mentioned in the agreement for the secondary teachers only and due to lack of any past practice, assigning these duties to the elementary teachers was against the contract. Yes, Union’s claim is right. There is a contractual basis, expressed in language because the contract mentions the supervision duties for the secondary teachers and not the elementary school teachers. No, there is no past evidence of elementary school teachers burdened with the added responsibilities of supervising cafeteria during the lunch break. There was also no inclusion of such in their job description as against the fact that cafeteria supervision was included in the agreement for secondary teachers. The union also claimed that the lunchtime was used by the teachers for various other educational activities like meeting parents, remediation, preparing and planning students’ performance enhancing activities etc. that were designed for the overall development of the students. Cafeteria supervision would restrict these extra activities that are an essential part of teaching aids and measures. Hence, extra duties are legally and ethically wrong. As an arbitrator, I would ensure that the elementary teachers were not burdened with the extra duty of cafeteria supervision because children in the elementary school require more educational aids and teachers-parental interaction for improved results. The roles and responsibilities of a teacher are multidimensional.   The teachers often serve as role models for their students so they need to be very meticulous and at the same time, he/she should be extremely knowledgeable so as to command respect from their students.  

Why are informants necessary to effectively combat organized crime Essay

Why are informants necessary to effectively combat organized crime - Essay Example To gain this information, designated authorities have recourse to tried and tested methods. These methods include physical and technological surveillance, infiltration of the organization by undercover agents, and last, but not the least, the use of informants. Informants used against organized crime are usually members of these criminal organizations, who decide to talk to the authorities for a variety of personal and financial reasons. Critics have often criticized the use of informants: it is believed that most informants are unreliable because they work for selfish motives, either to gain revenge on their parent organization, or in search of incentives like money and exemption from charges and punishment. Since the whole process of using informants is confidential, critics fear the abuse of the system, whereby criminals go scot free despite heinous activities because of their cooperation with the authorities in netting criminal organizations. According to critics, informants tend to blur the lines between what is lawful and what is not. But despite these objections, there are reasons why authorities continue to use intelligence from informants, and we will now discuss why despite having other options like technical and physical surveillance and undercover operations, police and other authorities continue to use informants. Technological and physical surveillance is often unable to capture the entirety of the organization, as the members use coded communication. Moroever to initially establish surveillance especially in a suspects private space, the authorities must be able to obtain proof of criminal activity in the form of advance reliable intelligence. This is where the informants come in handy, because a reliable informer is able to provide a translation for the inner codes of a criminal organization, as well as supply tangible proof against a organized crime suspect to be brought under surveillance.

Motivation of employees: Häagen-Dazs and Ben Jerrys

Motivation of employees: HÃ ¤agen-Dazs and Ben Jerrys This report provides analysis and research on motivation of employees working in Haagen-dazs and Ben Jerry. It is to find out why in todays business many employees in some companies no longer pay attention to the quality of their work. Method of analysis used for this report is by compare two companies which involved in the same area of business. It is necessary to investigate how they motivate their employees in order to keep their employees loyalty and make sure they perform their best. This report is made to provide information based on the motivation factors that could affect the employees performance level in a company. Employees in some companies operating today are not really performing well in the market. Some of them just do the job in what way they want which caused the company no longer has a lot of loyal customer and of course the companies profit will decrease. For this situation to be stopped, managers of the companies have to bring their employees to a situation whereby it is profitable and worthy for both employees and company. One of many ways to turn on the employees in the company is motivating themselves to do their very best although the manager is not around. As known, leadership styles of a company influence the level of motivation. Motivation is simply defined as what gets you started the drives that move yourself to do what you do. Motivation will lead to a state willingness of putting high effort in achieving organization goals. It is the desire, the passion that makes a human movement. Motivation is related with human psychology which shows the human attitudes, needs, and satisfaction inside human themselves, while other encourage factor from outside human caused by their leader such as manager or supervisor. So, employees motivation is influenced by the changing ambitions or leadership style he works under or socializes with. Motivation talks about how to instruct the power and potential of subordinates, to cooperate together so the company can achieves the goals, vision and mission optimally. To analyse how managers motivate their employees in todays company, this report will compare ice cream companies which are HÃ ¤agen-Dazs and Ben Jerry which have similar business environment. Case study of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs 2.1 Historical background of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs Company As known, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs is one of the most famous super premium ice cream in the world. Surprisingly although it has high butterfat content which is not good for health, it is reported that HÃ ¤agen-Dazs has higher sales than the other ice cream market segments. The history of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs starts from the year 1920s. Ruben Mattus, a young entrepreneur with the ambition of high quality of ice cream and his vision to create the finest ice cream in the world. To produce the finest ice cream available, he insisted on using only the finest and purest ingredients. In 1960, Mr Mattus, supported by his wife decided to form a new company which is dedicated to his ice creams vision. He called his new brand HÃ ¤agen-Dazs. (Haagen-dazs, 2008). HÃ ¤agen-Dazs convey the aura of the old-world tradition and craftsmanship and started out with only three flavors: vanilla, chocolate and coffee. At first, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs was only available in New York City. In 1976, Mr. Mattuss daughter opened the first HÃ ¤agen-Dazs shop. It became success and caused the expanded of the shop across the country. ÂÂ  In 1983 Mr. Mattus agreed to sell HÃ ¤agen-Dazs to The Pillsbury Company under the agreement that remained to the tradition of superior quality and innovation as the original HÃ ¤agen-Dazs.ÂÂ  In the year 2001, general millsÂÂ  bought Pillsbury and owned the HÃ ¤agen-Dazs (Haagen-dazs, 2008). In the United State, General Mills sold HÃ ¤agen-Dazs under theÂÂ  NestleÂÂ  licensing brand (Mahalo, 2010). Today, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs can be foundÂÂ  in over 900 HÃ ¤agen-Dazs Shops in 50 countries around the world. HÃ ¤agen-Dazs successfully reached their goals and target and start the me generation (Haagen-dazs, 2008). The motivation used by HÃ ¤agen-Dazs Reward from collecting point HÃ ¤agen-Dazs use the program called Star. This is an online employee reward and recognition program, which operated through a system of point. So the employees are rewarded based on their ability to achieve their monthly sales and the mystery shopping targets of the company. The point that they already have can be redeemed for gifts with the term that they must have worked for a minimum of three months. They also can collect their point first to claim more substantial gift. (allinhr, 2010) Thank you Card For the three top employees for exceeding expectation, company gives them award which takes the form of a Thank You card which says thank you in over 70 languages and has blank space which allow managers to personalize the card recognition. This certificated are displayed in the prominent place in the shop to improve the quality of work. Performance Chart Other motivation element in this company is that they have a performance chart which displayed on the staff notice board. There, employees can check the weekly and monthly sales of the company, which is colorful and easy to understand, includes the weekly motivational message from the manager complete with tips on how to improve the employees performance. (allinhr, 2010) Benefits As an employee in this company, on the top of competitive pay rates, you will also receive discount when buy ice cream. Full-time workers even get benefits packages such as healthcare coverage, and insurance (Job-application, 2010). Another benefits including saving plans advice, annual bonuses, vacation, summer hours, holiday, and flexible work arrangements. This company also offers an educational assistance for employees and family members. (Generalmills, 2011). Supporting environment As the owner of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs, General Mills provides seven diversity networks where employees can participate to exchange their ideas and information on a positive level. (Generalmills, 2011) Case study of Ben Jerrys 3.1 Historical background of Ben Jerrys Company Although the most popular flavour in the U.S. is vanilla, there also have people who like to try something new. Because of such thought, Ben Jerrys came out with funky flavours like Cherry Garcia, Chunky Monkey and a groovy Vermont vibe. With a $12,000 investment ($4,000 of it borrowed), Ben Cohen and Jerry, a childhood friends, opened their Ben Jerrys Homemade ice cream scoop at the corner of St. Paul and College Streets in downtown Burlington, Vermont, on 5 May 1978. (Benjerry, 2011). Jerry and Ben at first were thought about making bagel cakes, but due to the expensive equipment, they changed it to ice cream. They decided to open the scoop shop at Burlington, Vt., because it was a college town without an ice cream parlor. After their discussion, they took a $5 course on ice-cream making and in 1978 opened the first Ben Jerrys in a converted Burlington gas station. (Daniel Richards, 2011). The shop was quickly famous and became a favourite due to its ice cream taste and creative flavours. BenJerry also offer a free film festival, do some charity for unable people, and giving away free scoops on the first anniversary which continued to happen until now. This business increased significantly and by the year 1987 sales were at $32 million. In the year 2000, this company is sold to Unilever, for $326 million. Under the term of an agreement, it is said that it will continued to operate but separated with Unilever (ciputraentrepreneurship, 2010). Today Ben Jerrys franchisesÂÂ  750 worldwide (marketingteacher, 2010). The motivation used by Ben Jerrys company Ben and Jerry are very concern about people who go along through the successful of their business. They believe that a success of a company comes from the employees support. Cohen then brings back the support to the employees. Benefits According to their website, Ben Jerrys offers some benefits package that includes the paid family leave, three free pints of Vermonts Finest super premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbets every day. This is also a company which dedicated to the policy of non-discrimination based on their gender, ethnicity, race, veteran status, sexual orientation, religious, age, national origin, or disability (benjerry,2008). Other benefits that motivate its employees such as free health club membership, sponsored membership to local fitness centre, personal financial planning advice, and the educational cost assistance (benjerry,2008). 3.2.2 Bonus Plan All the full-timer of this company has a right to some form of compensation above their competitive salaries. In 2008, Ben Jerry also apply Variable Pay Award (VPA) plan where bonuses are given based on their individuals performance on achieving goals and targets and also based on the companys financial performance. There also another plan for Ben Jerrys full-timer that made in 2008 called Keys to Enterprise (KTE) plan. This plan focus on the bonuses and incentives which include cash, Ben Bucks which can be redeemed in the company stores, and the other awards. In 2008, the average amount of KTE in Vermont Company was over $510, up from the previous year which is $474 (benjerry, 2008). Supporting environment To further encourage retention and loyalty, Cohen and Greenfield do an experiment about the evacuation of their supervisors by their subordinates, also do the exchange of ideas and opinions freely between employees. Company also have rules that focus on the employees which actually becomes positive impact. Moreover much commendation from the other industries and the important parts is that a lot of companies follow these rules. Leadership program and training also provided to the employees (Terry et al, 2004). Other motivated factors It is called Ben Jerrys Joy Gang, started in 1987 to increase the demand upon employees the first activities included pizza and 15 minutes massages for its manufacturing employees who were working 12 hours. Jerry suggested that they should try to make fun to their official part of their company culture. (Bob smith, 2005). Comparison Table Haagen-dazs BenJerry Similarities Healthcare coverage, insurance, and educational assistance. Employees can participate to exchange their ideas and information freely. Bonuses are given based on their individual performance. Personal financial planning advice. Competitive salaries and pay rates. Differences Online employees reward by collecting point to be redeemed for gifts. Top employees whose performance were very satisfying, is given a thank you card which says thank you in over 70 languages. Discount for employees when buy ice cream. Performance chart which displayed on the staff notice board, including manager tips on how to improve employees performance. Annual bonuses, vacation, summer hours, and flexible works arrangements. Have Keys to Enterprise plan which include bonuses and incentives given by cash and Ben Bucks which redeemed for gifts. Dedicated to the policy of non-discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity. Free three pints of Vermonts finest super premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbets every day. It is called Ben Jerrys Joy Gang, which came from Jerrys suggestion to make fun become a part of their official companys culture. Leadership program and training for employees. Conclusion In the real situation, although companies have a similar business environment, they still have difference strategy in motivating and leading their employees. As what has been shown above, Haagen-dazs and Ben Jerry almost have the same strategy in motivating their employees, but they still have their own strategy in motivating their employees. Generally, they use such as reward, acknowledgement, and appraisal in order to trigger employees motivation. When employees feel appreciated, their motivation level is boost leading to satisfaction of employees working in the company. Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation is an encourage which comes from inside and outside human in their effort to meet their needs, get the wanted position in a company, gain power and satisfaction from their work. However, in its practice, the usage of each element is different based on the needs and desire of each human.

The Life of Christ :: essays research papers

the oneitself â€Å"America’s Career University.† It has campuses on two continents: a campus in Gothenburg, Sweden, and six campuses in the United States. The University also participates in international joint venture programs with the IHM Business School in Sweden and with the Central Hotel School in Israel. Johnson & Wales University has three colleges: Culinary Arts, Business, and Hospitality. It offers both traditional and nontraditional programs of study: associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degree programs in business, food service, hospitality, travel and tourism, technology, and a doctor of education degree in educational leadership. The University also offers classes in English as a Second Language (ESL). The University operates on a trimester system. As of Spring 2000, it had an enrollment of more than 12,000 students at all campuses, including 1,119 international students from 95 countries (Gagnon, 2000, p. 32). However, for the purpose of this applied dissertation, the study will be focused on the Providence campus only. Gagnon reports the 1999 racial/ethnic breakdown at the Providence campus: White 6,072; Black 1,013; Non-resident/Alien 836; Hispanic 438; Asian/Pacific Islander 230; and American Indian/Alaskan 25. She further reports the breakdown of the international students by their region of origin at all campuses (most international students are concentrated in the Providence campus): Asia 42.3 %; Europe 18.9 %; Middle East 15.3 %; Latin America and Caribbean 13.0 %; Africa 9.2 %; and all others 1.3 % (p. 44). Because of the large number of international students, the Providence campus of the University has an International Student Center that works closely with the Counselin g Services. Whenever an international student exhibits psychological or academic problems, he or she is referred to a Multicultural Counselor or to a Student Development Counselor. In addition, the Providence campus has a Multicultural Center that serves its diverse student body. Historically, in early colleges and universities in the U.S.A., both international faculty and students had to bond together for protection from the community to cope with their cultural differences (Kenneth Varcoe, personal communication, August 5, 1994). Some international and American students have traveled or resided in other countries and have experienced various intercultural encounters. However, others have never left their homeland and have little knowledge and understanding of other cultures. Many American and international students reported that they are experiencing intercultural miscommunication and misunderstandings because of a lack of information about the culture of others. The miscommunication and misunderstandings often occur among faculty/staff and students from different cultural backgrounds at Johnson & Wales University.

Disadvantages of Playing Video Games Essay

In the last several years the interactive games have had an amazing development in terms of image quality and variety of games. This has led to children and adults spend more time gaming and less time sharing with their families and friends. There are many significant disadvantages of playing video games. First, electronic games might have a negative impact over personal physical health. Gamers become lazy because they do not exercise every day. For example, they often eat only junk foods while playing, so they can become obese. Besides that, players have weak muscles because they do not exercise continuously, so their physical condition decreases. Moreover, their visibility is reduced by the time they are exposed in front of TV. When competitors spend a lot of time playing interactive games, their eyesight is damaged; as a result, they might need glasses. If gamers’ visibility decreases they have terrible headaches every day; consequently, they do not can sleep efficiently. The second disadvantage is that video games negatively affect the mental health of the people. Players can have a game addiction so they reduced contact with the environment. Playing electronic games loses the competitors interest in doing their daily activities such as hobbies or sports; thus, they do not perform outdoor activities. Furthermore, gamers’ attitude changes with the interactive games because they can be isolated, so they lack social interaction with their families and friends. Additionally, the children behavior can be affected by the excessive gaming because they do not difference between real life and in-game life. When a kid often plays video games, he wants to respond to any problem like his favorite character in the game, so this promotes his violence. Also, electronic games might produce mood swings in very young people; as a result, they have problems behavior in stress situation. Finally, players are irresponsible because do not mind their duties. The students fail in the exams so they repeat the grade. If learners do not do their homework, they do not practice enough their classes; thus, they have a low mark in their test. Besides that, the pupils do not review the lessons because they prefer on-line activities; consequently, they do not study adequately. Moreover, workers fail in their jobs. The gamers become disorganized with their jobs because they do not sleep sufficient by gaming; then, they lost their employment. Not only that, player is unable to concentrate on their work because he is thinking about interactive games all day, so he do not satisfy company expectations. In conclusion, playing video games has several important drawbacks. They are decreased physical condition, play compulsively, isolating, and feckless. Parents should be more careful with the time their children are exposed to electronic games, and adults should try to maintain an active social life.

Aboriginal Literature essays

Aboriginal Literature essays Native traditions and history were passed down through the generations using the art of storytelling. Storytelling was not only useful for Natives in this way but became a part of the tradition and history they passed down to their children. Unlike Euro-Canadian people, Aboriginal people did not put their oral traditions into writing but have increasingly begun to do so in the present day. This may keep these traditions from dying out as many already have, but this may also destroy the showmanship and meaning of Aboriginal storytelling. This is one of the most important critical debates pertaining to Native literature; is the written word destroying the effect of Native oral tradition or is it saving it? This essay will show that translating and converting Native oral stories to text may keep them alive longer than those who tell them, but the written word will never capture the full effect of Native oral storytelling. In the past, Native people did not document their history or traditions on paper. When the Europeans came, their traditions were disregarded because of this fact. This, and the fact that oral traditions were easily lost with the death of a particular culture or language, is the reason why Natives have lost so much of their history. As the ethnographer A.F Chamberlain wrote of the Indians of Scugog Island: These stories are only known to the older generation...and will soon be lost to oblivion if not taken down at once (Clark xii). Since the younger generations of Natives had less interest in their oral traditions the only way to save the traditions was to write them down; and this began the trend of Native written literature. In this way the Native traditions would live on even if they were not passed on orally. Unfortunately, the text versions of the stories do not convey everything that the oral stories themselves were intended to. When Native oral traditions are collected and transcribed,...

The Causes of the American Civil War

The Causes of the American Civil War The causes of the Civil War may be traced to a complex mix of factors, some of which can be traced back to the earliest years of American colonization. Principal among the issues were the following: Slavery Slavery in the United States first began in Virginia in 1619. By the end of the American Revolution, most northern states had abandoned the institution and it was made illegal in many parts of the North in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Conversely, slavery continued to grow and flourish in the plantation economy of the South where the cultivation of cotton, a lucrative but labor intensive crop, was on the rise. Possessing a more stratified social structure than the North, the Souths slaves were largely held by a small percentage of the population though the institution enjoyed broad support across class lines. In 1850, the population of the South was around 6 million of which approximately 350,000 owned slaves. In the years prior to the Civil War almost all sectional conflicts revolved around the slave issue. This began with the debates over the three-fifths clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which dealt with how slaves would be counted when determining a states population and as a result, its representation in Congress.   It continued with the Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) which established the practice of admitting a free state (Maine) and slave state (Missouri) to the union around the same time to maintain regional balance in the Senate. Subsequent clashes occurred involving the Nullification Crisis of 1832, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, and the Compromise of 1850. The implementation of the Gag Rule, passed part of the 1836 Pinckney Resolutions, effectively stated that Congress would take no action on petitions or similar relating to the limiting or abolition of slavery. Two Regions on Separate Paths Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government. While they benefited from most presidents being from the South, they were particularly concerned about retaining a balance of power within in the Senate. As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of free and slave states. Begun in 1820 with the admission of Missouri and Maine, this approach saw Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin join the union. The balance was finally disrupted in 1850, when Southerners permitted California to enter as a free state in exchange for laws strengthening slavery such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This balance was further upset with the additions of free Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859). The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants. In the period before the war, seven of eight immigrants to the United States settled in the North and the majority brought with them negative viewpoints regarding slavery. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president. Slavery in the Territories The political issue that finally moved the nation towards conflict was that of slavery in the western territories won during the Mexican-American War. These lands comprised all or parts of the present-day states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. A similar issue had been dealt with earlier, in 1820, when, as part of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of 36 °30N latitude (the southern border of Missouri). Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania attempted to prevent slavery in the new territories in 1846, when he introduced the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After extensive debate it was defeated. In 1850, an attempt was made to resolve the issue. A part of the Compromise of 1850, which also admitted California as a free state, called for slavery in the unorganized lands (largely Arizona New Mexico) received from Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty. This meant that the local people and their territorial legislatures would decide for themselves whether slavery would be permitted. Many thought that this decision had solved the issue until it was raised again in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Bleeding Kansas Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially repealed the line imposed by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas, an ardent believer in grassroots democracy, felt that all the territories should be subject to popular sovereignty. Seen as a concession to the South, the act led to an influx of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Operating from rival territorial capitals, the Free Staters and Border Ruffians engaged in open violence for three years. Though pro-slavery forces from Missouri had openly and improperly influenced elections in the territory, President James Buchanan accepted their Lecompton Constitution, and offered it to Congress for statehood. This was turned down by Congress which ordered a new election. In 1859, the anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution was accepted by Congress. The fighting in Kansas further heightened tensions between North and South. States Rights As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states rights argument to protect slavery. Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibited by the Tenth Amendment from impinging upon the right of slaveholders take their property into a new territory. They also stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed. They felt that this type of strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution coupled with nullification, or perhaps secession would protect their way of life. Abolitionism The issue of slavery was further heightened by the rise of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Beginning in the North, adherents believed that slavery was morally wrong rather than simply a social evil. Abolitionists ranged in their beliefs from those who thought that all slaves should be freed immediately (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas) to those calling for gradual emancipation (Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan), to those who simply wanted to stop the spread of slavery and its influence (Abraham Lincoln). Abolitionists campaigned for the end of the peculiar institution and supported anti-slavery causes such as the Free State movement in Kansas. Upon the rise of the Abolitionists, an ideological debate arose with the Southerners regarding the morality of slavery with both sides frequently citing Biblical sources. In 1852, the Abolitionist cause received increased attention following the publication of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the book aided in turning the public against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Causes of the Civil War: John Browns Raid John Brown first made a name for himself during the Bleeding Kansas crisis. A fervent abolitionist, Brown, along with his sons, fought with anti-slavery forces and were best known for the Pottawatomie Massacre where they killed five pro-slavery farmers. While most abolitionists were pacifists, Brown advocated violence and insurrection to end the evils of slavery. In October 1859, financed by the extreme wing of the Abolitionist movement, Brown and eighteen men attempted to raid the government armory at Harpers Ferry, VA. Believing that the nations slaves were ready to rise up, Brown attacked with the goal of obtaining weapons for the insurrection. After initial success, the raiders were cornered in the armorys engine house by local militia. Shortly thereafter, US Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee arrived and captured Brown. Tried for treason, Brown was hanged that December. Before his death, he predicted that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with Blood. Causes of the Civil War: The Collapse of the Two-Party System The tensions between North and South were mirrored in a growing schism in the nations political parties. Following the compromise of 1850 and the crisis in Kansas, the nations two major parties, the Whigs and Democrats, began to fracture along regional lines. In the North, the Whigs largely blended into a new party: the Republicans. Formed in 1854, as an anti-slavery party, the Republicans offered a progressive vision for the future that included an emphasis on industrialization, education, and homesteading. Though their presidential candidate, John C. Frà ©mont, was defeated in 1856, the party polled strongly in the North and showed that it was the Northern party of the future. In the South, the Republican Party was viewed as a divisive element and one that could lead to conflict. Causes of the Civil War: Election of 1860 With the division of the Democrats, there was much apprehension as the election 1860 approached. The lack of a candidate with national appeal signaled that change was coming. Representing the Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, while Stephen Douglas stood for the Northern Democrats. Their counterparts in the South nominated John C. Breckinridge. Looking to find a compromise, former Whigs in the border states created the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell. Balloting unfolded along precise sectional lines as Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South, and Bell won the border states. Douglas claimed Missouri and part of New Jersey. The North, with its growing population and increased electoral power had accomplished what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states. Causes of the Civil War: Secession Begins In response to Lincolns victory, South Carolina opened a convention to discuss seceding from the Union. On December 24, 1860, it adopted a declaration of secession and left the Union. Through the Secession Winter of 1861, it was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As states departed, local forces took control of federal forts and installations without any resistance from the Buchanan Administration. The most egregious act took place in Texas, where Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered one-quarter of the entire standing US Army without a shot fired. When Lincoln finally entered office on March 4, 1861, he inherited a collapsing nation. Election of 1860 Candidate Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Abraham Lincoln Republican 180 1,866,452 Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat 12 1,375,157 John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat 72 847,953 John Bell Constitutional Union 39 590,631 The Causes of the American Civil War The Causes of the American Civil War Free Online Research Papers The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict ever fought in U.S. History. This war had divided the American Nation between the North (which was designated ‘The Union’) and South (which was ‘the Confederacy’). The causes of this war are very wide ranged and debatable. However, the most debated, relevant, and obvious causes would include: Conflicts of slavery, the election of President Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of southern states. The conflict of slavery has been the most debated cause of the entire conflict of the American Civil War. The north and south had many contradicting perspectives on the way a lifestyle should be. The north put forth an immense effort to push their beliefs of the immorality of slavery in order to get the forced servitude of human beings outlawed in all parts of the United States. The south, inverse to the northern principle, believed slavery was a necessity for the production of cotton that largely contributed to the economic growth of U.S. The standard southern ideology was that slaves were personal property of their owners, which was a southern principle that was protected under the Constitution of the United States. This disagreement was the first main stepping stone to the War Between the States. The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the U.S. was the last straw, so to speak, for the south. As a result of Lincoln’s proposal of compensation emancipation and being referred to as the leader of a Black Republican party during his clash with Stephen Douglas, he was basically dubbed as an anti-slavery supporter. The south believed that, with Abraham Lincoln as president, they had no chance to gain the representation in the Senate and House that they believed they deserved. Due to Lincoln’s election, a month afterwards, South Carolina seceded the United States. South Carolina was later followed by Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and then Texas. As a consequence of Lincoln’s beliefs of preserving the Union, he privately attempted to persuade the seceded southern states to return. It was established the secession was illegal, though the constitution gave no power to stop it. So, as a result, the south drafted its own constitution and formed the Confederacy. Then shortly after, the Confederacy believed it was unnecessary for the Union forts to be in Confederate territory. When the Union ignored this claim, the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter. The attack on a Union Fort began the Civil War. So, to put it briefly, it was mainly the disagreements between two different ways of life that created the conflicts that lead to the bloodiest war in America’s history. Once the south lost hope in maintaining control in the Senate and House when Lincoln was elected, they alleged that their way of life was then threatened. So accordingly, the south revolted to preserve their lifestyle and become independent from Unites States, which was under the control of the faction (the Union) that had a contradictory way of life from the south. Research Papers on The Causes of the American Civil War19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Capital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to Africa

News Paper Economic issue Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News Paper Economic issue - Article Example While discussing the proposed payments and buying of the assets, the article also deals with how the government would like to have control over the banks at a scale â€Å"not seen since the great depression of the 1930’s†. This is significant as they have been questions over the way the government has been bailing out banks without asking for accountability in return. The article is disapproving of the way in which the government is silent on â€Å"specifics† on how and where the money from the stimulus package is going to be spent. From an economic point of view, the government is well within its rights to print more money and flood the economy with liquidity. However, it would be prudent to consider the inflationary effects of such a move. Further, the direct involvement of the government in the running of the banks may be a welcome sign in these times when reckless corporate greed and unethical behavior have undermined the credibility of financial institutions in the United States. The effect of such governmental intervention may not be exactly in the spirit of laissez faire economics but the current situation is that it would not be a bad idea if the rampant speculation and recklessness are reined in. This paper is in response to the article, â€Å"To Fix Detroit, Obama is said to drop plan for ‘Car Czar’â€Å"that appeared in the New York Times on Feb 15, 2009. The article discusses the cancellation of the appointment of an ombudsman to oversee the restructuring of the Big three automakers: GM, Ford and Chrysler. Instead, the article points out that the president himself would like to oversee the restructuring of the troubled automakers and thus there is no need for a â€Å"Car Czar†. The article is economic in nature as it pertains to the rescue of GM and Chrysler from near bankruptcy and their bailout under a federally guaranteed scheme. The article

Housing issues and housing solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Housing issues and housing solutions - Essay Example The residential facilities are poorly repaired and maintained and the security in the locality is compromised. This has seen several tenants shift to other residential facilities not managed by the firm. This discourse is an advice to Riverslake Housing Association in its housing management strategies. Involving tenants in vital decision making in matters regarding housing estate management have proven to be of great importance. For instance, In Tamworth, Landlord Services Tenancy agreement was reviewed on consulting the tenants and it is one of the best agreements ever achieved. Tenants also participated in the initiation of Housing Revenue account (HRA) and this has been helpful to both the tenants and the landlords. Such involvement also saw the launch of various projects dubbed ‘plant a pot’ and ‘Grow your own’ and these are meant to conserve the environment and create a sense of belonging among the tenants. Furthermore, ‘the love where you live’ and ‘BIG Tidy Up’ campaigns has resulted to clean living environments and united tenants, this would not be achieved if every decisions were made by the housing estate managers. Consulting tenants ensures that services provided are accordance to the tenants needs. Tenants would be exact or precise on their wishes and needs and this would help the housing estate managers save time and resources to fix specific areas as per the tenants needs. Furthermore, this would retain the existing tenants and attract more as there wishes and needs are well taken care of. Major housing management firms in California opted to involve their tenants in major decision making and this increased their income by 12% according to the report dubbed, ‘involving tenants’ This encourages them to pay their dues or rent in good time and this advantageous to the housing managers (Audit

The Acceptable Thing about the Evaluation Meeting Case Study - 44

The Acceptable Thing about the Evaluation Meeting - Case Study Example More importantly, Armstrong (2010) stated that evaluations are essential for the development of the employees. This is because, by highlighting the weaknesses of employees, they will initiate actions that will make them improve on these areas of weaknesses. Â  The first inappropriate thing about the evaluation meeting was that it was conducted before the employee had an opportunity to evaluate himself personally, and according to Sandler and Keefe (2003), this act denied the employee an opportunity to reflect upon himself and become accountable for his own actions. In this regard, the manager should have conducted the evaluation meeting after the employee had the opportunity to evaluate himself and identify his own areas strengths and weaknesses. Â  The second inappropriate thing about the evaluation meeting is that it was conducted six weeks after the actual deadline when the company is supposed to conduct an evaluation of the employees. In this regard, it is suggested that the evaluation should have been carried out during the actual dates when the exercise is usually scheduled to take place. Â  Thirdly, the employee was not prepared for the meeting and therefore, he was unable to come up with defenses or justifications on the criticisms that were leveled against him. In this regard, it is suggested that the manager should have given the employee enough time to prepare before conducting the evaluation. Â  

Should School Students Do Part Time Jobs Essay Example for Free

Should School Students Do Part Time Jobs Essay Low Yee Ching 5S1 In my opinion, I agree that school children should be allowed to work after school. Let me explain to you why I think so. Firstly, school children nowadays are very free after school. Therefore, they should be allowed to work after school so that they will not have the chance to get involved in any crime. Besides, they can learn to be independent while working. This is because they always expect everything to be prepared for them. So, it is a good chance for them to learn how to carry out their daily lives without any help. It is very useful to them when they step out into the complicated working society. Furthermore, there are many school children who come from poor families. In the family, their fathers are the only breadwinners. Their pocket money is not enough for them to carry out their daily activities. When their parents experience financial constraints, their pocket money is reduced. Therefore, they take on part-time jobs to earn more pocket money and also to reduce the burden of the family. Moreover, school children can also learn how to manage their time well between studying and working. They should plan a timetable for their studies and do their revision by following the schedule. This is to ensure that they pass their examinations with good results. They are trained to use their time wisely because time is priceless. In addition, school children can obtain more invaluable working experiences while having a part-time job. They meet many new friends and help one another whenever somebody needs a helping hand. Besides this, they also learn how to communicate with the customers. They have the chance to communicate with different personalities and as a result, get to improve their communicative skills. Apart from that, school children can also learn to be more responsible while working. They should finish their work on time and try their best to make it perfect. This can help them to take on their responsibilities more seriously. Moreover, they are given the opportunity to polish their leadership skills. They have to lead the groups to complete their work and also to perform well. In conclusion, I feel that school children should be allowed to work after school as they can learn many things while undertaking a part-time job. We should give them a chance to try because they are the backbones of our country in the future.

The Beginning of Human Life Form Essay -- Artificial Protocells Essays

The Beginning of Human Life Form As science and technology advance, an understanding of the origin of life becomes a feasible possibility. Artificial life research seeks to mimic life and to gain knowledge of the origin of life through reenacting it. This research strives to create the simplest possible â€Å"organism† that fulfills all of the requirements of life. These researchers define life as that which can evolve, self-reproduce, metabolize, adapt to environmental changes, and, ultimately, die. A fundamental concept behind research attempts is emergent properties, those that arise in more complex levels and are not predictable from the properties of lower hierarchical levels. Researchers use two approaches to create protolife: the â€Å"bottom up† approach strives to create life from nonliving components, while the â€Å"top down† approach attempts to simplify living cells to create the simplest possible cell and thus give a glimpse of a possible form of the first living cell. The â€Å"bottom up† approach seems to be the more widely attempted method because it is believed that if nature had to start with simple building blocks, we should do the same. There are two theories about the order in which life emerged; â€Å"one [†¦] assumes the primacy of metabolism and cellular organization [while] the other [†¦] assumes the primacy of reproduction and genetic information† (Lifson). Thus, much relevant research focuses on determining whether the origin of life began with self-replicating, information storing molecules (such as RNA or PNA) or with other molecules such as lipids or proteins (which form, for instance, encapsulating membranes). Whatever the order in which these characteristics evolved, there are three components a protocell m... ... Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http://www.geocities.com/giantfideli/ CellNEWS_Scientists_to_Create_A_New_Form_of_Life.html Lifson, Shneior. â€Å"On the Crucial Stages in the Origin of Animate Matter.† Journal of Molecular Evolution (1997) 44:1-8. Rasmussen, Chen, et al. â€Å"Transitions from Nonliving to Living Matter.† Science. Volume 303. 02/13/04. Rasmussen, Steen, et al. Bridging Nonliving and Living Matter. (2003). Bada, Jeffrey L. and Antonio Lazeano. â€Å"Prebiotic Soup—Revisiting the Miller Experiment.† Science. Vol. 300: 745-56. May 2003. â€Å"Scientists Create a Virus.† CreationTalk.com Forum. Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http://www.creationtalk.com/message-board-forum/viewtopic.php?t= 482&view=next Zimmer, Carl. â€Å"What Came before DNA?† Discover. Vol. 25: 34-41. June 2004.

Wine Industry Essay -- essays research papers fc

America’s winemakers are making superior wines and reaping global acclaim. In a single generation the United States wine industry’s global success is a fascinating story of entrepreneurial vision and savvy marketing. The American industry has new innovations, new competition, and new markets, which make the future look bright for the wine industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In terms of worldwide recognition and success, individual American wineries have made their mark only in the last 50 years. Not until the end of Prohibition in 1933 did the American wine industry take off on a large scale. America has now become the fourth largest producer in the world behind Italy, France, and Spain. The wine market consists of still wine, sparkling wine, and vermouth. Since the 1970’s, per capita consumption in the United States has grown from 1.3 to 2.7 gallons in 2003. Retail wine sales in the U.S. were a record 21.1 billion. In 2002, Americans consumed 595 million gallons of wine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Core wine consumers, about 19.2 million, account for 86% of table wine volume consumed in the U.S. Marginal wine consumers, about 28.9 million, account for 14% of table wine volume consumed in the U.S. Core drinkers are somewhat older than marginal drinkers. 51% are between 40 to 59 years, with a high level of education and a high income of about $79,000. 15% of core wine drinkers have wine daily, 48% drink a few times a week, and 37% weekly. Marginal wine drinkers prefer white wine, about 46%, followed by red, 35%, and blush/rose, 19%. They are somewhat younger than core drinkers, 49% are between 40 and 59 years and have a relative high income of around $63,000. 52% drink wine two to three times a month, 30% drink once a month and 18% drink once every two to three months. Fifty to fifty-nine year olds drink 16.4 bottles per year. Twenty-one to twenty-nine year olds drink 6.6 bottles per year. The United States is arguably the best place to grow grapes in the world. The United States boasts world-famous growing areas that rival France and Italy in quantity produced and in quality of wine, as the technology and weather are extremely similar. Napa and Sonoma Valleys are also key tourist attractions, providing a constant source of customers. The wine market in California represents more than 90% of all the United State’s wine production. People drink wi... ... especially in the pop-premium market, to all wineries in California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ultimately, the continued success of America’s wine industry will depend on its ability to meet all types of challenges, and continue to produce choice grapes and the finest wines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the short space of a generation, the American wine industry has maintained the tradition of boldness, innovation, creativeness, and success. American wineries that have been successful cannot rest on those successes, however. The industry and its competitive forces continue to change and members of the current industry will survive only if they are able to anticipate and deal with these changes. While there are significant threats to the American wine industry, there is also a large domestic and worldwide market of potential consumers who have yet to enjoy the fine taste of America’s wines. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.researchandmarkets.com libweb.sonoma.edu www.winebusinessmonthly.com www.cosmos-club.org/journals www.sierranevada.edu www.datamonitor.com www.impacteen.org www.findarticales.com/p/articles www.agmrc.org/fruits/info/winebackground.pdf

Beauty Industry

Beauty industry in currently developing at a fast pace, to meet the demand. Nowadays, people pay more attention to their appearance, hence they use a lot of cosmetics. However, beauty products must undergone a plethora of tests before they are launched onto the market. That issue raises a question: should animals be subject to the tests? The answer still remains ambiguous, yet this topic is frequently discussed in media. In fact, the society is split over the issue and it is almost impossible to reach a consensus. Nevertheless, I believe that beauty products shouldn't be tested on animals. First and foremost, testing on animals is clearly cruel and unethical. Animals feel pain in the same degree as humans do. It is proved, that our physiological systems are in similar to a large extent. Moreover, it is unconceivable how many species die during these acts of cruelty. Even applying a non-invasive beauty products on an animal's skin can have tragic effects, not to mention harmful ingrediencies that can lead to fur's and skin's destruction or even skin cancer and consequently death. It is impossible to estimate the number of species that have already died during the tests. People should really ponder, whether testing a lipsticks or a foundation is worth killing innocent rats or guinea pigs. Second, why should researchers be permitted to harm those innocent species in such a harsh way? They are often part of our families, loyal companions; therefore, we should demure this actions. People shall not have power to injure any species and determine their lives. What is more, animals also exhibit fear, just like humans. They feel a need to be free and live their lives. In laboratories they are locked up in cages and people decide over their life and death. Moreover, animals are treated there in an atrocious way. For scientists, they are just a subject to a research not a living organism. They don't bother their well being at all, yet animals are closed and kept in unholy conditions. Finally, humans and animals are entirely different species when it comes to anatomy; hence they can react on the same substance in a different way. Therefore, the outcome of the tests isn't entirely reliable, as a lot of people believe. Therefore, we cannot pronounce the beauty product to be effective and harmless after checking its influence only on animals' skin. It is possible that the product, which has undergone a test on an animal and was certified to be innoxious, can have a negative impact on humans. Therefore nor animals nor humans benefit from this brutal tests. Moreover, beauty products are intended for human spices and their certain needs. When it comes to animals, it is paradoxical to test lipsticks or eyeshadows on them, yet it is know that their anatomy vary greatly from ours. Their body parts differ from the ones that humans have and their epidermis is largely covered in hair. Undoubtedly, comparing the influence of certain cosmetics on dissimilar organisms defeats the purpose.

Telecommunications

Telecommunications The transmission of words, sounds, images, or data in the form of electronic or electromagnetic signals or impulses. Transmission media include the telephone (using wire or optical cable), radio, television, microwave, and satellite. Data communication, the fastest growing field of telecommunication, is the process of transmitting data in digital form by wire or radio.Digital data can be generated directly in a 1/0 binary code by a computer or can be produced from a voice or visual signal by a process called encoding. A data communications network is created by interconnecting a large number of information sources so that data can flow freely among them. The data may consist of a specific item of information, a group of such items, or computer instructions. Examples include a news item, a bank transaction, a mailing address, a letter, a book, a mailing list, a bank statement, or a computer program.The devices used can be computers, terminals (devices that transmit and receive informa tion), and peripheral equipment such as printers (see Computer; Office Systems).Representative academic library LAN with external ...The transmission line used can be a normal or a specially purchased telephone line called a leased, or private, line (see Telephone). It can also take the form of a microwave or a communications-satellite linkage, or some combination of any of these various systems.Hardware and SoftwareEach telecommunications device uses hardware, which connects a device to the transmission line; and software, which makes it possible for a device to transmit information through the line.HardwareHardware usually consists of a transmitter and a cable interface, or, if the telephone is used as a transmission line, a modulator/demodulator, or modem.A transmitter prepares information for transmission by converting it from a form that the device uses (such as a clustered or parallel arrangement of electronic bits of information) to...

VLSI and Video Over IP essays

VLSI and Video Over IP essays Research papers provide a valuable summation of information to an audience. Through research papers, the intended reviewer is able to grasp the concept being relayed by the writer. In order to substantiate his/her research, the writer will incorporate information from other accepted sources, such as books, journals, and web pages. In addition, research papers are usually in a certain format. Depending on the instructor, a widely recognized format will be selected and followed. This assignment will introduce information pertaining to VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) and Video over IP. The information will be corroborated with books, journals, and web pages. The selected format for this paper is MLA (Modern Language Association of America). VLSI or Very Large Scale Integration is the process of placing hundreds of thousands of transistors onto a single chip. This type of technology was discovered in the early 1980s as a part of the semiconductor and communication technologies that were being researched at the time. The first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Through more research, subsequent chips held more and more transistors and as a result, more and more process became integrated over time. This continual integration led to the production of the microprocessor, which utilizes VLSI technology. The first processor to utilize VLSI was the 4004 introduced by Intel in 1971. VLSI chips are designed and tested using CAD (Computer Aided Design) tools. VLSI chips are the essential building blocks of modern digital electronic systems ranging from computers to consumer goods. The design of these integrated chips requires sophisticated CAD software to manage the complexity of design and verify the functionality of the chip. Current research in the development of VLSI, mainly involves development of CAD tools. Through the development of more advanc ...